Since diet and physical exercise is usually insufficient, use of pharmacotherapy and surgery remains an option. ĭifferent strategies have been employed by individuals to reduce body weight, most of which are behavioral to control diet and physical activity. The overall sustainability remains a major challenge of all individuals as recent evidence suggests a significant number of people who lose weight actually eventually gain back all the weight back after 3 years. Conventionally, consuming fewer calories, increased exercise continues to determine our outcomes. Obesity has been heavily studied and debated over the past decade as scientists continue to wobble about the effective long-term solutions to control this epidemic. Obesity also tends to negatively impact individuals psychologically thereby leading to poorer mental outcomes, loss of productivity, low self-esteem, bullying, and stigmatization. Several organizations and Experts have proposed different tools for classifying obesity based on the limitations of NIH guidelines such as differences in body composition, muscle mass, demographics, and other genetic contributors.
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The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classifies an individual to be obese when their measured or calculated BMI (Body Mass Index) equals or exceeds 30 Kg/m 2. The estimated annual health care costs of related illness stand at a staggering $190.2 billion which equals nearly 21% of annual medical spending in the United States. Its financial burdens balloons yearly without limitations. In addition to its serious health challenges. According to a recent survey, 93.3 million US adults (39.8%) and 17% of US teenagers are classified obese or overweight in the year 2015-2016. The Epidemiology of obesity shows a consistent growth pattern of increasing body weight in the United States. Obesity continues to contribute adversely to our health, in fact, obesity continues to cause, influence and worsens cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction, obesity also has a major effect on the endocrinology system leading to the development of Type 2 Diabetes including the secretions of inflammatory cytokines which has been linked to Cancers of (Endometrium, Breast, Colon, Kidney, Gallbladder, and Liver) - all of which are life-threatening and costly. UCP1: Uncoupling Protein HPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography NIH: National Institutes of Health BMI: Body Mass Index DSHEA: Dietary Supplement of Health and Education Act of 1994 cGMP: Current Good Manufacturing Practice DSF: Dietary Supplement Fraud LOD: Limit of Detection This worrying finding may be interpreted that the existing ease-of-access and pervasive nature of online-sourced dietary supplements require more stringent regulatory screening.įucoxanthin, Weight loss, Dietary supplements, Misbranding, Quality assurance Our exploration revealed that, of these 10 products, 3 (30%) did not have any detectable quantity of fucoxanthin, 5 (50%) contained a only a trace amount of it, ranging from 0.001-0.01 mg per capsule, and only 2 (20%) products contained 0.4 mg or 2 mg of fucoxanthin, meeting their label claim. This study examined ten randomly chosen online-sourced brands of fucoxanthin-containing dietary supplements and analyse the content using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with UV-Vis and photodiode array detector.
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However, since the clinical trials apply pure fucoxanthin instead of fucoxanthin-bearing dietary supplements, a critical analysis is warranted to quantify fucoxanthin in brown seaweeds to validate their rationale in weight loss mechanism. Fucoxanthin, a brown-seaweed-extracted carotenoid has exhibited anti-obesity property in some clinical trials through its ability to over express uncoupling protein (UCP1) in the white adipose tissue, which leads to fat burning.
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The ubiquity of online-shoppable weight-loss supplements and their unrestricted consumption by people with obesity are serious matters of concern.
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Misbranded and counterfeit dietary supplements have been an issue on which the US Food and Drug Administration has been vigilantly regulating.